Illinois farmer Sarah Frey is called "the Pumpkin Queen of America" and sells around five million pumpkins annually, predominantly for use as lanterns.[55][56]. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin,[9] and deep yellow to orange[9] color. However, just about everyone calls them " pumpkin brains". This book contains an illustration known as Quegourdes de turquie, which was identified by cucurbit specialists as C. pepo subsp. [9], There are male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers (unisexual flowers) on a single plant (monoecious), and these grow singly, appearing from the leaf axils. [6] Types of C. maxima include triloba,[54] zapallito,[55] zipinka,[56] Banana, Delicious, Hubbard, Marrow (C. maxima Marrow), Show, and Turban. [1][6], Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 3 and 8 kilograms (6 and 18 lb), though the largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 34 kg (75 lb). In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. Wild Cucurbita peduncles are always below this 10 mm barrier. There are many other names for this slimy, mushy, mass of strings and seeds. [47] In C. foetidissima, a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the roots after removing the shoots. Sixteen of the 21 species were grouped into five clusters with the remaining five being classified separately:[28][29], The full phylogeny of this genus is unknown, and research was ongoing in 2014. The custom originated in the British…. The scientific name of pumpkins is Cucurbita pepo, and they are part of the large Cucurbitaceae family. All of the above-ground parts may be hairy with various types of trichomes, which are often hardened and sharp. [109], Long before European contact, Cucurbita had been a major food source for the native peoples of the Americas, and the species became an important food for European settlers, including the Pilgrims, even featuring at the first Thanksgiving. This is a large pumpkin-like squash a unique heirloom that is easy to grow and has good storage qualities. [44] Gibberellin is also involved in other developmental processes of plants such as seed and stem growth. The flowers and young leaves and shoot tips can also be consumed. There is debate about the taxonomy of the genus, as the number of accepted species varies from 13 to 30. [40][41][qualify evidence] In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis[42] and for the expulsion of tape worms. The shape of C. pepo leaves varies widely. In the Indian subcontinent, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a dish called kadu ka halwa. In various parts of India and Madheshis prepare saag and kachri/pakoda of the leaves and flowers. Most species do not readily root from the nodes; a notable exception is C. ficifolia, and the four other cultivated mesophytes do this to a lesser extent. Crowd Watches as Pumpkin Dropped on Old Car ... All for a Gourd Cause", "Caligny: le Village de l'Orne où le Potiron est Roi", "Fête de la Citrouille et des Cucurbitacées de Saint Laurent", "Tra Meno un Mese Torna la Fiera Regionale della Zucca di Piozzo, ecco il Programma Ufficiale della 21esima Edizione", "Fiesta de la Calabaza en Gavirate (Varese)", "Festival del Zapallo y de la Trucha de Curibaya se Realizará en la Plaza Quiñonez", "V feria de las Calabazas Gigantes de Navarra (Valtierra)", "Esperanza: Rocío Damiano fue elegida Reina Nacional del Zapallo en Ceres", "Ceres: Presentaron la Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo", "Presentacion Oficial – 43º Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo", "Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia", "The World's Largest Pumpkin Festival in Germany", "Punkin Chunkin 2013: Will Someone Finally Launch A Pumpkin One Mile? to a tune in 68 time. The origin of C. ficifolia is Latin America, most likely southern Mexico, Central America, or the Andes. Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, "White Pumpkins Hit the Halloween Market", "Pumpkin production in 2017 (includes squash and gourds), Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)", "Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production", "Pumpkin pie could become scarce after Thanksgiving", "News - Pumpkin shortage in the U.S. has Canada to the rescue - The Weather Network", "Here's What Happened to the Great Pumpkin Shortage of 2015", "Libby's Warns of a Canned Pumpkin Shortage". [17] Nestlé, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. [76][77] Solid evidence of domesticated C. pepo was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in the form of increasing rind thickness and larger peduncles in the newer stratification layers of the cave. Other kinds of gourd, also called bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria, which is in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita, but in a different tribe. [106] The squash bug causes major damage to plants because of its very toxic saliva. [57], C. pepo is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, domesticated species with the oldest known locations being Oaxaca, Mexico, 8,000–10,000 years ago, and Ocampo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, about 7,000 years ago. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, "White Pumpkins Hit the Halloween Market", "Pumpkin production in 2017 (includes squash and gourds), Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)", "Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production", "Pumpkin pie could become scarce after Thanksgiving", "News - Pumpkin shortage in the U.S. has Canada to the rescue - The Weather Network", "Here's What Happened to the Great Pumpkin Shortage of 2015", "Libby's Warns of a Canned Pumpkin Shortage". Common Name: "calabaza", "Caribbean pumpkin", Cuban squash, West Indian pumpkin. One hive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive, or 5 hives per 2 hectares) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil that is sandy with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy rain are both detrimental. [40][41][qualify evidence] In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis[42] and for the expulsion of tape worms. [7], The typical cultivated Cucurbita species has five-lobed or palmately divided leaves with long petioles, with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. [9], Cucurbita fruits are large and fleshy. All the subspecies, varieties, and cultivars are interfertile. [1] Pumpkins are widely grown for commercial use and as food, aesthetics, and recreational purposes. [37], Raw pumpkin can be fed to poultry, as a supplement to regular feed, during the winter to help maintain egg production, which usually drops off during the cold months. The leaves of all four of these species may or may not have white spots. [74], The earliest known evidence of the domestication of Cucurbita dates back at least 8,000 years ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as maize and beans in the region by about 4,000 years. Gourds, also called bottle-gourds, which are used as utensils or vessels, belong to the genus Lagenaria and are native to Africa. It makes wild Cucurbita and most ornamental gourds, with the exception of an occasional C. fraterna and C. sororia, bitter to taste. [53] C. maxima did not start to spread into North America until after the arrival of Columbus. [3][62][102] Ingesting too much cucurbitacin can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea and even collapse. [9] It is found from sea level to slightly above 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). When a plant already has a fruit developing, subsequent female flowers on the plant are less likely to mature, a phenomenon called "first-fruit dominance",[40] and male flowers are more frequent, an effect that appears due to reduced natural ethylene production within the plant stem. [7], The color of pumpkins derives from orange carotenoid pigments, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, all of which are provitamin A compounds converted to vitamin A in the body.[8]. Pumpkins are commonly grown for human consumption and also for livestock feed. Male flowers in Cucurbitaceae generally have five stamens, but in Cucurbita there are only three, and their anthers are joined together so that there appears to be one. C. moschata plants can have light or dense pubescence. [39][qualify evidence] In Germany and southeastern Europe, seeds of C. pepo were also used as folk remedies to treat irritable bladder and benign prostatic hyperplasia. [27] Pumpkin purée is sometimes prepared and frozen for later use.[28]. Growers of giant pumpkins often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Competitively grown specimens are therefore often hand-pollinated to maximize the number of seeds in the fruit, which increases the fruit size; this pollination requires skilled technique. The seeds of both types can be roasted, eaten raw, made into pumpkin seed oil,[68] ground into a flour or meal,[88] or otherwise prepared. [19][20] The pumpkin crop grown in the western United States, which constitutes approximately 3-4% of the national crop, is primarily for the organic market. Botanically they are berries because o… [124] In Japan, squashes such as small C. moschata pumpkins (kabocha) are eaten boiled with sesame sauce, fried as a tempura dish, or made into balls with sweet potato and Japanese mountain yam. ): a review", "Rapid Induction and Severity of Symptoms in Zucchini Squash (, "Complex Spatial Responses to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Susceptible, "Occurrence of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucurbits from Connecticut, New York, Florida, and California", "Pumpkin Bread and 18 Other Pumpkin Recipes You Must Make Now". In Vietnam, pumpkins are commonly cooked in soups with pork or shrimp. The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon (πέπων), which is Greek for "large melon", something round and large. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Pumpkin is 92% water, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 1% protein (table). There is a connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural, such as: Stavely, Keith W.F. The wild form C. a. subsp. [12] Fruit size varies considerably: wild fruit specimens can be as small as 4 centimeters (1.6 in) and some domesticated specimens can weigh well over 300 kilograms (660 lb). In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé crop, which combined with a relatively weak 2008 crop depleting that year's reserves resulted in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season. [38], Pumpkins have been used as folk medicine by Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments, and this Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. [54] This is despite the fact that North Americans rarely buy whole pumpkins to eat other than when carving jack-o'-lanterns. 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