The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. In this 90-mile (145-km) stretch the Rhine has cut a deep and winding gorge between the steep, slate-covered slopes of the Hunsrück mountains to the west and the Taunus Mountains to the east. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. A hillside vineyard along the Rhine River. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur. Within 10 days the pollution had travelled the length of the Rhine and into the North Sea. The Rhine (Latin: Rhenus [ˈr̥e̞ːnus], Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein [ʁaɪ̯n], French: Rhin,[1] Italian: Reno, Dutch: Rijn, Alemannic German: Rhi(n) including Alsatian/Low Alemannic German, Ripuarian, Low Franconian: Rhing) is one of the major European rivers, which has its sources in Switzerland and flows in a mostly northerly direction through Germany and the Netherlands, emptying into the North Sea. Here, too, the river water is hardly mixed with the lake water. 2002. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The northern Alps were then drained by the Danube. The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the Roman Empire and, since those days, the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway carrying trade and goods deep inland. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. The Rhine: an eco-biography, 1815–2000. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg, the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. The city of Laufenburg on the Rhine River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river traverses the southern, which, in isolation, is sometimes called Rhinesee ("Lake Rhine"). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, showing damage before collapse during the Battle of Remagen, Rhine at Hünxe, near the border of the Netherlands. Nonetheless, the middle Rhine (the section between the German cities of Bingen and Bonn), with such steep rock precipices as the Lorelei crag and numerous castles, still presents breathtaking vistas and attracts tourists. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. About 11000 years ago, the Rhine estuary was in the Strait of Dover. The Rhine rises in two headstreams high in the Swiss Alps. One source is Lai da Tuma (2,345 m (7,694 ft))[14] with the Rein da Tuma, which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine, flowing through it. The Rhine Falls are situated below Schaffhausen. The Rhine River is 1,230 kilometres long. Vineyards mantle the slopes as far as Koblenz, where the Moselle River joins the Rhine at the site the Romans called Confluentes. As sea-level rise continued in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago). The Rhine has been navigable between Basel and Rheinfelden since 1934. About 7000–5000 BP, a general warming encouraged migration of all former ice-locked areas, including up the Danube and down the Rhine by peoples to the east. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. The culminating point of the Anterior Rhine's drainage basin is the Piz Russein of the Tödi massif of the Glarus Alps at 3,613 metres (11,854 ft) above sea level. In the geologically recent past the main process distributing sediment across the delta has been the shifting of river channels to new locations on the floodplain (termed avulsion). The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea. the Rhine river is at the eruope state Why did they picked the name rhenium? Loops, oxbows, branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be a present uniformity to the river. During the so-called Anglian glaciation (~450,000 yr BP, marine oxygen isotope stage 12), the northern part of the present North Sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed, that overflowed through the English Channel. The mouths of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, when the length of the Rhine fell to the First French Empire and its client states. According to geologists, the characteristic narrow valley form was created by erosion by the river while the surrounding landscape was lifted (see water gap). Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. [25] Direct human impact in the delta began with the mining of peat for salt and fuel from Roman times onward. Since 7500 years ago the situation of tides, currents and land-forms has resembled the present. The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. In between the zone of Alpine orogeny and North Sea Basin subsidence, remained highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny (Variscan), such as the Ardennes, Eifel and Vosges. The diphthong in modern German Rhein (also adopted in Romansh Rein, Rain) is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name Rī(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi. The river was long a source of political dissension in Europe, but this has given way to international concern for ecological safeguards as pollution levels have risen; some 6,000 toxic substances have been identified in Rhine waters. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord ("the North"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). The flow of cold, grey mountain water continues for some distance into the lake.

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