"This is the central contradiction of animal experimentation: Mice are like us in all the ways that matter, so they're used as stand-ins for humans - but the moral significance of those similarities is ignored," says Justin Goodman, who has been an animal rights activist since he saw scientists drill holes in the heads of monkeys as an undergraduate at the University of Connecticut. "Answers to this vexing question come in shades of gray, not black or white," he told Newsweek. Articles by John Ericson on Muck Rack. But rather than prohibition, most scientists speak of an irreducible minimum. Since the 1980s, the rise of transgenesis - the science of genetic engineering - has brought with it a seemingly endless series of biomedical breakthroughs. As a result, chemists are left relying on a process that veers uncomfortably close to guesswork. But the practice, they say, must reach a minimum-not a complete halt. That doesn't mean animal testing doesn't work—in fact, the Food and Drug Administration mandates its use in virtually all drug review processes. The proposed pipeline currently includes lung-on-a-chip, heart-on-a-chip, kidney-on-a-chip, and even brain-on-a-chip. Even if a new chemical entity is deemed safe at the animal stage, it still only has an 8 percent chance of being approved for human use. "These microchips...could one day form an accurate alternative to traditional animal testing.". The inner workings of rat and human may be similar, but they are by no means identical. Side effects are missed, and millions of dollars are wasted. From One of the Most Powerful Men in College Football to Prison? Still, while the American public is often quick to jump up in support of animal ethics, the complete elimination of animal experimentation is a minority view. To continue reading login or create an account. The most obvious problem is the fundamental biological difference between humans and the animals used in research. "It looked like torture," a lawyer said. Deep ties between the authors of a widely used manual on mental disorders and the pharmaceutical industry come under fire. Each year, more than 25 million animals are used for scientific research in the U.S. More than 90 percent of those are mice - sort of. An example of this is called in silico modelling. "The idea was very simple: First of all, we started with liver cells, which can generate these metabolic products," he explains. Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing. "If you've ever taken antibiotics, had a vaccine, had chemotherapy, an MRI, a blood transfusion, dialysis, an organ transplant, bypass surgery or joint replacement, you have been the beneficiary of research that started with lab animals.". "We imagine a future where we're able to identify every possible metabolite.". Over 100,000 rats and mice are used in experiments every year for pharmaceutical research in the lab, where the temperature is kept at 24 degrees centigrade. That puts more pressure on the scientific community, but, as its name suggests, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)supports strategies that lead to breakthroughs.

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