At first the two metaphors of „the fish“ and „the diver“[14] occur to describe the capabilities of this man who can stay under water for so long. But some of these passages could also fall into another category, namely into the one of the function of appeal. Often, one and the same passage can have several functions at the same time. But in this text, the presence of the author in order to keep contact with the reader does not occur so often. He described their clothes, how and where they lived, their entertainments and customs, and made detailed estimates of the numbers and incomes of those practicing each trade. Another interesting thing is that the structure of a text can also have one of these functions as we have seen in „London Labour and the London Poor“. - Publication as eBook and book This is even stressed by the following: „ Upon his leaving me, 2s were given him for his trouble. Finally, a medium of contact must be used that sender and receiver keep in contact. But Mayhew’s text does not really fulfil the normal schemes. This small sum (I afterwards learned) kept the family for more than a fortnight.“[11] This is Mayhew’s proof that every little help can do so much good - perhaps more than anyone expects. We use cookies to understand how you use our site and to improve your experience. His model works similarly to Bühler’s but contains more factors and is more explicit: The sender sends a message to the receiver. 2.2.5. The three classes with their differences occur again and again. Language Theory and a Text Analysis 2.1. Jena, 1934. - Bartenstein, Winfried: Arbeit mit französischen Sachtexten. A function which is very often used, although the text is a report on the social circumstances of the London poor and should therefore be objective, is the expressive function. For Mayhew’s text it is the most important function, because „London Labour and the London Poor“ contains plenty of allegories, similes, metaphors and images. This is a way to express also the disgust felt when being informed about some of the workers’ fates. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of London Labour and the London Poor. Often we can find phrases like „it may be stated“[5] or „it might be supposed“[6]. This Study Guide consists of approximately 34 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - Later, they will serve to go into the text and to answer the questions above. Coming from Mayhew it was close to … So, this passage can be counted to the referential function, although in its conclusion (when Mayhew describes the situation of the sweeps in detail) it changes into expressive or/and conative function, because in the choice of words we can see a clear stress on the cruelty of the sweeps’situation. Jakobson goes even farther in offering three other functions: the phatic, the metalingual and the poetic. [9] Although this story resulted from an informant and was therefore second hand information, Mayhew uses very strong words to describe the dead worker as if he himself had been there, too, and had seen it with his own eyes. When I’m hard up, I knows as how I must work, and then I goes at it like sticks a breaking; and tho’ the times isn’t as they was, I can go now and pick up my five bob a day, where another wouldn’t know how to get a brass farden.“. This zoom into the mass is to point out the personal fates and influence people to see the labourers as human beings which are worth to be helped. Finally, „the fish“ is tempted by the riches he wants to get out of the water and never comes up again. In the way of reporting we can see his attitude to reduce the suffering of the poor in telling a large mass of people from this pity. It is obvious that there are a lot of facts and descriptions in this text, and that the author wants to inform people. Therefore the phatic function is not really needed because the stress is on the information. The London Street-Folk;: Comprising, Street Sellers. the story as a whole reminds us of Schiller’s poem „Der Taucher“: A poor man who has the ability to stay under water very long comes to death because of a spectaculous examination of his abilities by the king. The minds of such men, even without an approach to idiocy, appear to be blank.“ This sentence includes his impressions, is even a judgement about all of these poor people. The phatic function should keep the contact to the reader by means of formulas, repetitions or phrases. But as already said they cannot be kept apart very clearly. 2.2. And considering the dangers which lurk in the sewer (e.g. [1] Longman group Ltd (Hg. rats, the tide), it can very well be compared to a jungle with wild animals, where the hunter tries to get his booty, but must take care not to become a booty himself. The Referential Function when Mayhew informs us about the changed situation of the chimney-sweeps: „The circumstances and character of the chimney-sweeps have, since parliament“put down“ the climbing boys, undergone considerable change.“[7] Here he just states that there is a change under influence of parliament. So it is stressed that this text is for everyone, because there are no perquisites required. „There was likewise great danger in former times from the rising of the tide in the sewers, so that it was necessary for the shore-men to have quitted them before the water had got any height within the entrance.“ „The sewer-hunters usually go in gangs of three or four for the sake of company, and in order that they may be the better able to defend themselves from the rats.“[19]. This story can as well be counted to the poetic function as this story is a continued metaphor or allegory. Street Finders. Order our London Labour and the London Poor Study Guide, teaching or studying London Labour and the London Poor. First of all we … The Phatic Function 1 Language: English: LoC Class: HV: Social sciences: Social pathology, Social and Public Welfare: Subject: Poor -- England -- London Subject: London (England) -- Social conditions Subject: Criminals -- England -- London Subject: Prostitution -- England -- London Subject: Charities -- England -- London Subject This anecdote that reaches almost the status of a legend („at least, so say those whom there is no reason to doubt“[13] ) is to show how cruel the rich treat the poor, how they make even still use of those poor people who have nothing to lose. Finally, the genre of report and the question whether the text can be counted to this genre shall be clear. Also the story of „the fish“[12] is a good example for the function of appeal. In spite of this appeal it can be counted to the genre of report because there is a lot of information in it (be it second-hand information from time to time) and shows the subject from different point of views (e.g. Each type of worker or criminal is examined individually. Here, the author shows that he himself is ready to start this change in offering a job to the little mud-lark and asks the people to help, too. Also other names of the different types of workers are metaphors and often describe the kinds of jobs by this images. Finally, it must be admitted that it is not always easy to distinguish between the six different functions. Stuttgart, 1976. [1] “ So, reporting bases on the information and the description. Mayhew's perception as an observer is unsurpassed in early descriptions of London's street scenes. So they will be analysed in detail or just mentioned with a few examples. „Of late, however, to remedy this defect, the Commissioners have had a strong brick wall built within the entrance to the several sewers.“[8] Here, the mere facts are mentioned. These included street vendors of fruits, flowers, fish, sundries, meals and snacks. Another example for the poetic function is - again - the anecdote of the bone-grubber in the beer-shop. ): Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. This image, although Mayhew thinks it impossible to describe them, says more about the mud-larks’ outward appearance that anything else because it even stresses the poverty and leaves open to the reader to form his own image, as he likes them to see.

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