"The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.[15]. Ancient Buddhist, Vedic and Jain traditional cosmologies state that at the North Pole magnetic center of the Earth is a mountain of magnetite called Mount Meru. [29], As a first-order approximation, Earth's magnetic field can be modeled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 10° with respect to Earth's rotation axis (which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles) and centered at Earth's center. [73] Norway (ratified the convention in 1996[74]), Russia (ratified in 1997[74]), Canada (ratified in 2003[74]) and Denmark (ratified in 2004[74]) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km (50 mi) from its mean position. [10] Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours – nearly five hours faster than Peary. [82], As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism. Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party[20] including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko,[21] and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total)[22] of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition (March–May 1948). The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.[8][9]. Directing Project Polaris was its navigation leader, 1st Lieutenant Frank O. Klein, a World War II combat veteran. The study was prompted by the surprise that the fluxgate compass did not behave erratically as expected. )", ФГБУ "Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт", Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute, FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE, 'Greatest polar explorer' Sir Wally Herbert dies, When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole, "Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle", "The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV Polarstern in 1991", "POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition)", USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under-Ice Transit, «Академик Федоров» – выходит из порта Санкт-Петербург в экспедицию «Арктика-2007», News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole, "Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point", "CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI/709 KM, GREENLAND", "Bizarre Temperatures: North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below -40 Degrees", "February 2018 heatwave across the Far North", Beyond "Polar Express": Fast Facts on the Real North Pole, "Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 percent", "Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts", "FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus)", "North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species", "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)", Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons, "Canada plans claim that would include North Pole", "Arctic Sovereignty: Loss by Dereliction? [65] This may have significant commercial implications; see "Territorial claims", below. [66], Polar bears are believed to travel rarely beyond about 82° North owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole. USS Gurnard (SSN-662) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Pintado (SSN-672). [8], All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. Peary's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line – the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing – is contradicted by Henson's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads. The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole[30] until the Soviet landings became widely known. [47] His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. L. R. Newitt, A. Chulliat, and J.-J. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies. If you were alive to see it 800,000 years ago, it would have been the Magnetic South Pole.. In 1998, 1999, and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs (special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada/Vaz's experimental product division) were driven to the North Pole. [52] The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries, such as China and the United States, toward the top of the world, where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable.[53]. Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone. [31], "Magnetic North" redirects here. [75][76], In 1907 Canada invoked a "sector principle" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in [Western] navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth. [citation needed] Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of "Ho ho ho!"). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Are we being lied to about what really exists at the magnetic North Pole? [48], On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km (2.7 mi), as part of the research programme in support of Russia's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The Puranic and Sumerian traditions also spoke of this “Mount Sumeru.” In Ancient Iran they spoke of Mount Hara Berezaiti with a celestial spring on its highest peak in the realm of the stars. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects Earth's surface. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States, are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System. The Norse Edda spoke of Asgard, the burgh of the gods rising in the center of Midgard, the circular earth. In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km (0.62 mi) swim at the North Pole. However, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Ancient Buddhist, Vedic and Jain traditional cosmologies state that at the North Pole magnetic center of the Earth is a mountain of magnetite called Mount Meru. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day. [86] In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its "palaces ablaze with immaterial matter." In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more or less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday, the sun is roughly at its highest). The encircling whirlpool and four directional rivers surrounding the mountain were said to change every 6 hours causing the tides, comparing them to the “breath of God” at the “naval of the Earth,” inhaling and exhaling the great seas. "[11], The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter. [citation needed]. As the magma seeps out of the mantle, cools, and solidifies into igneous rock, it is imprinted with a record of the direction of the magnetic field at the time that the magma cooled. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position. [33][34] In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. In 1988 a 13-man strong team (9 Soviets, 4 Canadians) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada. Ancient Buddhist, Vedic and Jain traditional cosmologies state that at the North Pole magnetic center of the Earth is a mountain of magnetite called Mount Meru. [62] Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years. [35] It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility.[36]. [63] It is likely that global warming has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic. West of the agonic line a compass will give a reading that is east of true north and by convention the magnetic declination is positive. During the 20th century it moved 1,100 km (680 mi), and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 to 52 km (5.6 to 32.3 mi) per year (2001–2007 average; see also polar drift). The North Magnetic Pole is a point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). The Turkmen tribes of Southern Turkestan speak of a copper pillar ... več

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