Both the Soviet and US navies had earlier constructed prototype attack submarines using LMFR power units.

3 0 obj The USS Seawolf Sodium-Cooled Reactor Submarine Eric P. Loewen, PhD President American Nuclear Society May 17, 2012 Washington DC ANS Local Section Although tin until today is not used as a coolant for working reactors because it builds a crust,[5] it can be a useful additional or replacement coolant at nuclear disasters or loss-of-coolant accidents. x��Z[o�:~/���}s�D�(R�E�I�6mNP�8=���t��-������P�E�T�8�Ij���\��f��aU�35�٧O�úV�LOٯ�q����x�����5/T���� ��|�n�?\?,�=����㇀��_��H���"��b���^�_>~�5^�����������&)�$���5x1��NM��s�Z�. [1] Disadvantages include difficulties associated with inspection and repair of a reactor immersed in opaque molten metal, and depending on the choice of metal, fire hazard risk (for alkali metals), corrosion and/or production of radioactive activation products may be an issue. All U.S. Navy submarines and supercarriers built since 1975 are nuclear-powered by such reactors… But due to the difficulties of running a sodium-cooled reactor, the Navy decided to replace SEAWOLF's sodium-cooled reactor with a water-cooled one and use only water-cooled designs in the future. Since slower neutrons are more easily absorbed, the coolant should ideally have a low moderation of neutrons.

United States naval reactors are nuclear reactors used by the United States Navy aboard certain ships to generate the steam used to produce power for propulsion, electric power, catapulting airplanes in aircraft carriers, and a few more minor uses. It was succeeded at the same site by PFR, the Prototype Fast Reactor, which operated from 1974 to 1994 and used liquid sodium as its coolant. The reactor produced a total of 37 GW-h of electricity. endobj Persistent superheater problems on Seawolf caused the superheaters to be bypassed, resulting in mediocre performance. It was commissioned in 1957, but it had leaks in its superheaters, which were bypassed. Seawolf was built by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, Conn., and commissioned on March 30, 1957. Liquid metal cooled reactors were studied by Pratt & Whitney for use in nuclear aircraft as part of the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program.[7].

They do, however, ignite spontaneously on contact with air and react violently with water, producing hydrogen gas. Sodium and NaK (a eutectic sodium-potassium alloy) do not corrode steel to any significant degree and are compatible with many nuclear fuels, allowing for a wide choice of structural materials.

Fast neutron reactor cores tend to generate a lot of heat in a small space when compared to reactors of other classes. The S2G designation stands for: S = Submarine platform; 2 = Second generation core designed by the contractor; G = General Electric was the contracted designer The BN-350 and U.S. EBR-II nuclear power plants were sodium cooled. <> The liquid metals used typically need good heat transfer characteristics. The prototype plant was eventually designated S1G and Seawolf 's plant as S2G. Further advantages of tin are the high boiling point and the ability to build a crust even over liquid tin helps to cover poisonous leaks and keeps the coolant in and at the reactor. In July 1959, the Sodium Reactor Experiment suffered a serious incident involving the partial melting of 13 of 43 fuel elements and a significant release of radioactive gases. "[1], Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S2G_reactor&oldid=954155414, Articles needing additional references from December 2009, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 April 2020, at 23:42. The second nuclear submarine, USS Seawolf was the only U.S. submarine to have a sodium-cooled nuclear power plant. Seawolf was the same basic "double hull" twin-screw submarine design as her predecessor USS Nautilus (SSN-571), but her propulsion system was more technologically advanced. A low neutron absorption is desirable in any reactor coolant, but especially important for a fast reactor, as the good neutron economy of a fast reactor is one of its main advantages. NaK is liquid at room temperature. This makes them attractive for improving power output in conventional nuclear power plants. EBR-I used a liquid metal alloy, NaK, for cooling. The melting point can be lowered by alloying the lead with bismuth, but lead-bismuth eutectic is highly corrosive to most metals[4] used for structural materials. <>>> The Sodium Reactor Experiment was an experimental sodium-cooled nuclear reactor sited in a section of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory then operated by the Atomics International division of North American Aviation. The Soviet November-class submarine K-27 and all seven Alfa-class submarines used reactors cooled by a lead-bismuth alloy (VT-1 reactors in K-27; BM-40A and OK-550 reactors in others). The operators achieved the initial criticality of the reactor core on April 25, 1957, and supplied electricity to the power grid for the first time on July 12, 1957. It has been tested by Ukrainian researchers and was proposed to convert the boiling water reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster into liquid tin cooled reactors.[6].

[8] The reactor was repaired and returned to service in September 1960 and ended operation in 1964. Sodium Reactor Experiment (Santa Susana, CA) – July 1959 Construction of the Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) facility began in April 1955. However, because of disadvantages including high toxicity, high vapor pressure even at room temperature, low boiling point producing noxious fumes when heated, relatively low thermal conductivity,[2] and a high[3] neutron cross-section, it has fallen out of favor. ~����؋�F�8���h�FZm�����i(�x��ή�T!O~ ֋�P��C�c�q�������+�9���V���pP�]���e����.O��8�%�ڏ��"�#tDD�z���#n�뱗 The Submarine Intermediate Reactor (SIR) nuclear plant was designed by General Electric's Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory and prototyped in West Milton, New York. Liquid metal cooling is also used in most fast neutron reactors including fast breeder reactors such as the Integral Fast Reactor. The S2G reactor was a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships, and the only liquid metal cooled reactor yet deployed by the US Navy. This and concern for the dangers posed by liquid sodium coolant led to the PWR type being selected instead as the standard US naval reactor type, and the S2G on Seawolf was replaced by the spare S2Wa reactor from the Nautilus program. USS SEAWOLF was the Navy's second nuclear-powered attack submarine and the first submarine to be equipped with a S2G sodium-cooled nuclear reactor. Early in November 1956, he informed the Commission that he would take steps toward replacing the reactor in the Seawolf with a water-cooled plant similar to that in the Nautilus. The Soviet BN-600 is sodium cooled. Everyone here today most likely knows about the USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571), the world’s first nuclear powered ship – a submarine – with her pressurized water reactor. In Rickover's words they were "expensive to build, complex to operate, susceptible to prolonged shutdown as a result of even minor malfunctions, and difficult and time-consuming to repair. �-���wo�H댘�0�b���3�����g�_S�+���0Z����O�:�K e� Metal coolants remove heat more rapidly and allow much higher power density.

This makes them attractive in situations where size and weight are at a premium, like on ships and submarines. While pressurised water could theoretically be used for a fast reactor, it tends to slow down neutrons and absorb them. Conversely, if the coolant can be prevented from boiling this allows the pressure in the cooling system to remain at neutral levels, and this dramatically reduces the probability of an accident.

The leaks in the Seawolf steam plant were an important factor in the decision but even more persuasive were the inherent limitations in sodium-cooled systems. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Liquid metals, being electrically highly conductive, can be moved by electromagnetic pumps. Water's boiling point is also much lower than most metals demanding that the cooling system be kept at high pressure to effectively cool the core. The Soviet November-class submarine K-27 and all seven Alfa-class submarines used reactors cooled by a lead-bismuth alloy (VT-1 reactors in K-27; BM-40A and OK-550 reactors in others).

%PDF-1.5 �ē��!��E8X��tY%�־�Åu���. The land-based unit corresponding to S2G was S1G reactor. 1 0 obj The S2G reactor was a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships, and the only liquid metal cooled reactor yet deployed by the US Navy. The Seawolf (SSN 575) readies for launching at Electric Boat, Groton, Conn., July 21, 1955. This was one of three sodium cooled fast reactors ordered for the Seawolf program at the same time as three PWR units were ordered to support the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) program; In each case, one reactor was land-based for training and research, one intended for installation on a submarine, and one spare. This was the case at the Monju Nuclear Power Plant in a 1995 accident and fire. It suffered a partial nuclear meltdown in 1963 and was decommissioned in 1975.

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