This tradition actually dates to 1699, when Russia, under a Tsarist decree from Peter the Great, made the Julian calendar standard in Russia. In any case, the new holiday is celebrated the same as the old holiday: with political activism only this time that activism is coming largely from the United Russia party. [s dnjom narodnovo jedinstva] Happy National Unity Day! Wednesday March 01, 2023 . Each city in Russia also has an official founding date, with celebrations, fireworks, speeches, food, and drink. and the response is. There is no daylight saving time in Russia. Find your countrys embassy in Russia on EmbassyPages. This day is always celebrated on the 40th day after Easter. Many Russians pay tribute to womens role in Russian society by celebrating International Womens Day on March 8. Thank you very much for your collaboration! Many people celebrate Christmas Day with a festive meal (example of festive meal only). The week is steeped in pagan tradition. c.16th-17th century. Greek Orthodox Easter marks the end of "Great Lent" a 40-day period of fasting from Clean Monday until "Pascha," Easter Sunday. Millions of Orthodox Christians around the world often celebrate Easter Sunday at a different time to the date set by many western churches. Here is a list of Russian national holidays in 2022 and 2023, as well as other important Russian holidays you should mark on your calendar: This is a list of public holidays in Russia during 2022. Holidays and Observances in Russia in 2023 While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. Incidentally, Christmas in January is not so historically strange. For those Russians who do celebrate the holiday, it is generally celebrated exclusively as a religious holiday. Another important holiday in Russia is the New Year. The day is marked in Russia mostly with events held in parks which focus on education and play. If you find an error, please let us know. Public holidays are marked in red and other important observances in black. On Easter Saturday, people line up outside churches to bless their eggs and cakes - and then, on Sunday morning, they eat them. They held long, but eventually successful, negotiations with the head of the provisional government that night. Russia, with borders and cultural ties to China, Japan, and the Korean peninsula, has partially absorbed the tradition. Birth of Virgin Mary. But it won't happen again until 2025. Celebrated with fireworks, food, and drink. The first star also signals the start of the Christmas dinner. In Russian: June 1(not a day off). New Year Holiday is a national holiday in Russia: Orthodox Christmas Day: Friday, January 7, 2022: . In Russian we call it the Day of the Holy Trinity. Maundy Thursday April 06, 2023. Elves are not associated with the holiday. Birth of Virgin Mary. U.S. Citizens with emergencies, please call +(7) (495) 728-5577, Outside of Office Hours, contact: +7 (495) 728-5000. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The Romans celebrated Christmas on January 6th up until the year 354, when the bishop of Rome changed it to December 25. . Many people visit friends and relatives, as well as give and receive presents, on January 7. In Russian: April 16, 2023(always on a Sunday). We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. More on Maslenitsa and blini. Russians receive more than a week off for the New Year holidays. . For travel to the United States on a temporary basis, including tourism, temporary employment, study and exchange. The Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar for the calculation of Easter, whereas the Western churches use the Gregorian calendar. 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Pentecost, January 7/December 25 Nativity of Our Lord // , January 19 /6 The Holy Theophany of Our Lord //, February 15 / 2 The Meeting of the Lord, August 28 / 15 Dormition of the Holy Theotokos, September 21 / 8 Nativity of the Theotokos, September 27 / 14 Exaltation of the Life-Giving Cross, December 4 / November 21 The Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple, January 14 / 1 Circumcision of our Lord Jesus Christ, July 7 / June 24 Nativity of St.John the Baptist, July 12 / June 29 The Holy, Glorious and All-praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, September 11 / August 29 The Beheading of St.John the Baptist, October 14 / 1 The Protection of Theotokos, Great Lent February 27/ 14 April 15 / 2, Fast of Apostles Peter and Paul June 12/ May 30 July 11/June 28, Dormition Fast August 14 / 1 August 27 / 14, Nativity Fast November 28 /15 January 6 / December 24, Every Wednesday and Friday throughout the year except for fast-free weeks Holy Week (Svyatki), Beheading of St. John the Baptist September 11 / August 29, Elevation of the Cross September 27 / 14, Holy Week (Svyatki) January 7 / December 25 January 17/4, The week of Publican and Pharisee February5/January 23 February11/January 29, Cheese-fare week (Maslenitsa) February 20/February 7 February 26/ 13, Bright week April 16/April 3April 22/April 9, Trinity week June 4/ May 22 June 10/ May 28, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, (first date according to the Church (Julian) Calendar, second according to the civil calendar), April 4/17The Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, May 30/June 12 Trinity Sunday. Both of these calendars numbered the years based on the Biblically-calculated age of the Earth. However, there is no equivalent to Santa Claus delivering Christmas presents. Russias absolute newest holiday, created in 2004, celebrates the liberation of Moscow from Polish troops in 1612 and the subsequent end of the time of troubles. This is the first time in nearly 400 years, however, that an official state holiday has marked the occasion, leading many Russians to ask why it was created. This is the official website of the U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia. Transly's blog is written by our dedicated team of translators, wordslingers and editors. Now, this holiday isnt celebrated very widely across Russia. We are very happy with the service and hope to continue this pleasant cooperation. Heres a list of all the Russian public holidays you need to know in 2022 and 2023, as well as other important dates to make a note of on your calendar. The first day of school is widely celebrated as a holiday in the Russian speaking world. [s pervm maja] Happy May Day! It is the ninth month in the Islamic calendar. Laylat al-Qadr commmemorates the time when Mohammad received the first verses of the Koran (Qu'ran). ! Butfor those living inUkraine,the holiest day on the Christian calendar wasmuted by a withering conflict this year. Recent boosts in observation have come largely through increased reminders on TV news reports and related events staged by NGOs and other organizations concerned with Russian demographics. This move creates a dividing line with Russia, which celebrates on January 7, and is likely to . Learn more about quality higher-education opportunities in the U.S. that you will not find anywhere else in the world. Orthodox calendar 2022 Orthodox calendar (Russian Orthodox Church) with feasts and fasts for years from 1900 to 2099 (perpetual calendar). Russian authorities may sometimes declare a national vacation from January 1 to 10 due to the close proximity of New Year's holidays (January 1-5), Christmas and the weekends between these two holidays. Since Womens Day is a non-working holiday in Russia, it is celebrated on the previous day at work: all women are gifted flowers and, during the lunch break, cake and sparking wine are served. Translation Agency Customer Feedback: Icopalicopal.com. Its very possible that when the Duma abolished November 7 (formerly Revolution Day) from the national calendar, they felt a holiday was needed in November so that people would not have to go from June to January without one. The main religious holiday in the Orthodox calendar is Easter, which marks the Resurrection of Christ. Holidays and Observances in Russia in 2022 While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. So, to keep up with our latest content, simply do the following: If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. This website uses cookies. Besides Easter, there are twelve other important holidays that the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates. A 2012 decree has changed the number of days, and the dates for the Victory Day Holidays. The Ascension icon from Veliky Novgorod, 1542. To read about what SRAS students have seen at Russia Day celebrations, click here. (second date according to the Church (Julian) Calendar, first according to the civil calendar), April 9/March 27The Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, June 4/May 22 Trinity Sunday. Orthodox Christmas primarily has religious significance in Russia and it is common for Orthodox Christians to fast for 40 days before Christmas. C ! And, while in the West its Palm Sunday, in Russia, its Verb Sunday. December 12. Celebrate the form, function, and history of old rocks. Asian cultures traditionally follow the lunar calendar based on cycles of the moon. She initiated archaeological studies and, as a result, the cave of the Holy Sepulcher was found, as well as three crosses. Laylat al-Qadr commmemorates the time when Mohammad received the first verses of the Koran (Qu'ran). In Russian: January 22(informal holiday; no day off). On which day will this foreign holiday fall in 2022 and 2023 and more background details. As it is quite close to the May 1-2 holidays, many Russians take some extra time off to escape to their dachas for nearly two weeks so as to open it for the summer season. Menu . If you find an error, please let us know. Orthodox Christmas Day (observed) Friday, January 06. The Orthodox Church recognises January 7th as the day that Jesus was born. More about New Year celebrations in Russia, In Russian: January 7(days off: included in New Years Holidays). It falls on Sunday, 16 April 2023 and most businesses follow regular Sunday opening hours in Russia. Many Russians pay tribute to womens role in Russian society by celebrating International Womens Day on March 8. Therefore, Orthodox Christmas is still celebrated on 25 December according to the Julian calendar, but elsewhere in Europe, it is already 7 January by that time. All of us believe our sunrise will come soon, he said. It equates if not outstrips the importance of Christmas in America, if to compare the two holidays in the two cultures. Incidentally, the other calendar changesoccurred as follows: In 1929,the Soviets adopted the Eternal Calendar, which featured 12 months, each with six 5-day weeks. This holiday commemorates the adoption of the 1991 Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian Federation which declared Russias independence from the USSR. . Russia uses the Gregorian calendar for secular purposes since 1918. Russian icons usually feature all the apostles gathered for the farewell and burial ceremony and Christ holding Marys soul. In Russian: February 23 (days off: Feb 23 Feb 24, 2023)The work day on February 22, officially ends one hour earlier than normal. Is midnight 12 am or 12 pm? In 2023, it falls on a Saturday, and some businesses may choose to follow Saturday opening hours. In 2009, a bill was offered by the ruling United Russia party that would have officially moved some of the extra-long New Years holiday to the May holiday, but the bill was voted down. 2023 2025 Show holidays on a calendar Print holidays to PDF In 2023, it falls on a Saturday, and some businesses may choose to follow Saturday opening hours. National Holiday, Orthodox Sat, January 14: Old New Year Observance Tue, February 14: Valentine's Day: Observance Sat, February 18: Isra and Mi'raj: Muslim . Holiday Date . Russians head back to work only on January 10. This is a list of public holidays in Russia during 2023. In Russian: May 1(days off: May 1, 2023). Midnight is, by tradition, marked by listening to the Kremlin bells chime (either as broadcast by most majortelevision channels or by actually standing on Red Square). Eurasias popular cultures and languages. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow Orthodox Calendar Friday March 3, 2023 / February 18, 2023 First Week of the Great Lent. C e ! But, the following mark events in Christs life or are devoted to the Mother of God and are considered the most important and widely celebrated. Christmas became an official holiday and a non-labor day in Russia in 1991. We needed a translation agency to have our online store translated into Finnish and were looking at quite a few providers. This holiday celebrates the annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, when angel Gabriel told her that she would have a baby through the virgin birth and that this would be a Christian Messiah and Son of God. Although the Russians quickly changed the calendar, the name October Revolution stuck, despite the fact that it occurred on Nov 7th according to the new, Gregorian calendar. Eggs Benedict Day on April 16 encourages people to make and enjoy eggs benedicts for all their meals. It is traditionally blessed by a priest before it is eaten. This act symbolizes the Baptism of Christ and it looks bizarre, considering that Jesus lived in a very warm part of the world! Click here for much more about Easter in Russia. The New Year is, without doubt, the most important holiday on the Russian calendar. Another pre-Christ holiday devoted to his mother Marys life, which celebrates the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple. Millions of Orthodox Christians around the world often celebrate Easter Sunday at a different time to the date set by many western churches. It is still vastly overshadowed by the older and better-established Womens Day. Days to Orthodox Easter 2022. The Russian Orthodox Church, however, clung to the old Julian calendar and, in fact, is still debating whether to officially accept the change. Please note that this list is subject to change due to official announcements. Pentecost means that its celebrated on the 50th day after Easter (or the 8th Sunday after Easter). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks banned Christmas celebrations. 27 September] The Presentation of the Theotokos 21 November [ O.S. About 78% of Ukrainian adults were found to be Orthodox Christians through the survey, whileRussian adults were about 71% Orthodox Christian. Russia does have a significant number of Asian immigrants and thus finding celebrations of this holiday, especially in places like Vladivostok, which has large concentrations of those immigrants, is generally not difficult in Russia. The weather during this time of the year is usually very harsh and theres even an aphorism - Epiphany frosts. Thus, December 25th for the Orthodox Church is January 7th for the rest of us. If you find an error, please let us know. June 12, We. One of the most important Russian Orthodox holidays is the Presentation of Jesus Christ. Click here to find out more. For many secular Russians, Christmas Day is a family holiday but it is not as important, for many families, as New Year's Day. To read about what SRAS students have seen at Labor Day celebrations, click here. Celebrants also dye hard-boiled eggs red to celebrate the blood of Christ. Orthodox Christians in Europe, Africa and the Middle East celebratedOrthodox Easter on Sunday. This day celebrates the end of WWII (The Great Patriotic War, as Russians know it), in which Russia lost some 20 million people. New Year celebrations on Red Square. Home; Calendars. In Russia, two calendars are used simultaneously, thus some holidays are celebrated on a different date than in the West and some are even celebrated twice. Ramadan is a period of prayer, reflection and fasting for many Muslims worldwide. Select the year: 2021 2023 Download Month in a new tab Year in a new tab << 2022 >> Settings << August 2022 >> Alerts and Messages for U.S. visitors to Russia. Even though the Gregorian calendar, which is used in the West, had already been implemented in Russia by 1918, Orthodox holidays are still celebrated according to the old Julian calendar. It was usually the first day when apples could be harvested and eaten and Slavic peasants used to arrange big celebrations. Most seem to agree that the word is taken from two Russian words:(butter or oil)and (week). Why do many countries set the clocks back and forth an hour twice a year? Beginning of Great Lent - 07.03.2022, Pascha - 24.04.2022, Pentecost - 12.06.2022. Russians head back to work only on January 9. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urged Ukrainians not to let anger at thewaroverwhelm them at a service in Kyiv this weekend. Note that the dates of Orthodox and Catholic Easter hardly ever fall on the same day (here we explain why and the differences in traditions). On August 28, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the dormition of Mary the Theotokos. Russian holidays and non-working days in 2022 and the appropriate well-wishes in Russian for each celebration. 1. Russia Day. There were five national holidays, which were days off, but other days off were staggered. In May 1923, a group of Orthodox leaders met to address the issue as the holidays kept drifting. Christmas Day in Russia marks the birth of Jesus Christ in the Christian Orthodox tradition. It falls on Sunday, April 16, 2023 and most businesses follow regular Sunday opening hours in Russia. ! From the Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow. 2022 Holidays - Russia . It is celebrated by parades, concerts, fireworks, recognition of veterans (who usually dress up for the occasion) and, of course, food and drink. Many Russians pay tribute to womens role in Russian society by celebrating International Womens Day on March 8. Most of the world's approximately 260 million Orthodox Christians . Holidays Russia 2022. City days are set by each city individually and some are set days while others are variable. However, many Russians are still unaware that this was ever done viewing Russia, instead, as a successor state to the USSR. (not a day off). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. [hristos voskres] Christ is risen! We were organising a large event Tallinn Truck Show and ordered a press release writing, press release editing and press release distribution service as well as a few translations from Transly. This full week of celebration is Orthodox Christianitys version of Mardi Gras. The earliest date it can fall is 4 April and the latest is 8 May. C ! Holidays and observances celebrated in Russia in 2022 together with the corresponding Russian-language holiday greetings and well-wishes are listed below. 19 January] Cyprus, Greece, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Russia. Most of the worlds approximately 260 million Orthodox Christians live in Central and Eastern Europe, and an additional 15% live in sub-Saharan Africa, according toa 2015-16 Pew Research Center study. This means the holiday typically falls later than Easter Sunday in Western Christian tradition. On January 19, the Baptism of Jesus is widely celebrated across Russia. The common symbols of Orthodox Christmas are a decorated fir tree, a star (such as the first star in the sky or the star on top of the Christmas tree) and baby Jesus. In Russian: January 13 January 14(informal holiday; no days off). Why do many countries set the clocks back and forth an hour twice a year? It is the ninth month in the Islamic calendar. Easter Monday April 10, 2023 . Orthodox Holidays. Instead, they tried to make up for it with massive, nationwide New Year celebrations. Most of the celebrations occur on New Years Eve (on December 31) while the holiday day itself is largely a time for relaxing. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. It began regaining popularity only recently, partially because Russian leaders, starting with Vladimir Putin, annually attend a Christmas liturgy. Orthodox calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Orthodox calendar Catholic calendar Muslim calendar Jewish calendar Hindu calendar Slavic countries often eat Kulich, a sweet bread made to celebrate Easter and the coming of spring. The system was implemented to increase factory production, but was so confusing and disruptive that it was changed again in 1932 to a new calendar with twelve months of five six-day weeks, which gave regular days off. [s novm godom] - Happy New Year! Travel, culture, and broadening horizons. Since all Russian men are supposed to serve in the army (although it is possible not to serve), this day is technically the day of all men. Created only in 1998, this holiday has only recently begun to take hold in Russia. This holiday is also known as the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary, and it falls on February 2nd. A sick woman found healing after touching one of those crosses and it was determined as the Cross of Jesus Christ. Easter. Russians get nearly three weeks off a year just for holidays. iStockphoto.com/vgajic About Orthodox Easter Day Read more about Orthodox Easter Day. The holiday has not gained much in popularity since its official re-institution in 1992. January 7 2022 Friday W01. Tone four. Martin Luther King Jr. Day In Greek tradition, Orthodox Easter is marked by a church service followed by a large meal with family, often including roasted lamb as the main dish to representChrist's sacrifice. Bliny( a kind of buttery crepe) was and is baked and eatenas a symbol of the sun. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates religious holidays according to the Julian calendar. Holidays and observances celebrated in Russia in 2022 together with the corresponding Russian-language holiday greetings and well-wishes are listed below. . . For foreign citizens who want to live permanently in the United States. Please change the filter above to see different holiday types. The two calendars disagree by about two weeks, which led many to wonder when they should celebrate the important holiday of New Year. Many spring religious holidays have landed on later dates than typical this year:Passover didn't begin until the evening of April 15, and Easter Sunday fell on April 17 for the first time in 62 years. All major holidays and observances in Russia for the calendar year 2022. As there are no palm trees in most of Russia, branches of it were replaced by most common verba that have nice buds. Victory Day. More recently, an Immortal Regiment has been organized, in which the decedents of those who fought in the war join together with pictures of the WWII veterans. The Feast of the Presentation of Jesus Christ celebrated on February 15 is usually marked with a big service in Orthodox churches and a nice bell ringing. RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CATHEDRAL OF ST.JOHN THE BAPTIST, 2023.02.26. While all the materials on this site are copyrighted, you may use them freely as long as you treat them If there is one day between a holiday and the weekend, this is usually given as a day off. We know how. By Monastic Charter: Food without Oil 1 St. Leo the Great, pope of Rome (461). [s vosmm marta] Happy 8th of March! If you find an error, please let us know. Russians usually visit cemeteries with relatives graves, leaving Easter cakes and eggs that have remained after the holiday. These include the Christmas tree (known as a in Russian,which is also the standard name for a fir tree), Santa (known in Russian as Mopo or Grandfather Frost), and presents. Ten thousandpeople signed up on February 23, 1918. Many Orthodox churches base their Easter date on the Julian calendar, which often differs from the Gregorian calendar that is used by many western countries. Fathers Day does not yet exist in Russia (and if it did, would be overshadowed by Defenders of the Motherland Day). C ! Well celebrate Easter no matter what, no matter much horror, said Kateryna Lazarenko, 68, in the northern village of Ivanivka outside Chernihiv, where ruined Russian tanks still littered the roads. Around the world this year, different countries have celebrated the holiday with varying events. In Russia, Easter is the most popular religious holiday and one of the most popular holidays overall, even more than Christmas. The Russian Orthodox Church still calculates all its holidays based on the Julian Calendar, which is currently 14 days ahead of the Georgian. Please check at least one of the boxes. 2022 2024 Show holidays on a calendar Print holidays to PDF Customer service is professional and reliable. There are lots of icons and churches devoted to this holy day in Russia. In Russian: , November 7. There are 11 time zones across the vast country, which are all permanently on winter time. Living in Russia? In Russian: May 9(days off: May 8 May 9, 2023). Pentecost The Twelve Fixed Feasts If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The communists have actively boycotted the holiday and marked the seventh with demonstrations instead. Either of these make sense asit is the week in which Russians feast on eggs, butter, cheese, and milk (and abstain from meat). C ! It is common to crack or smash painted eggs on Orthodox Easter Day. New Year in Russia is a time to be together with family and friends, for gift giving, major consumer spending, decorating trees, and even watching and setting off fireworks. Orthodox Easter Day is not a public holiday. Greek Orthodox Easter marks the end of "Great Lent" a 40-day period of fasting from Clean Monday until "Pascha," Easter Sunday . The feast also marks the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. So far, all translations have been done professionally, the translators are competent and the translated texts, which are technical and difficult, are all understandable and correct. Our website and social media accounts are under threat of being restricted or banned, due to the current circumstances. In Australia, Prime Minister Scott Morrison joined a Greek Orthodox Easter service in SydneywithGreeces Minister for Culture, Lina Mendoni, on Saturday night, according to the Greek Reporter. Imagine Fathers Day in military uniform and you have a rough approximation of this holiday. The pagan ancestors of todays Russians celebrated the start of the new year during Koliada, the Slavic winter solstice festival, celebrating the victory of light over darkness. In 2022, it is on June 12, as Easter is celebrated on April 24. One of Russians most favorite holidays is celebrated on April 7, according to the Orthodox tradition. Privacy & Terms. Please select at least one of the boxes above to show your chosen holiday types. Andrei Rublev. Orthodox Easter Day Observances Showing: 1 January (Saturday): New Year's Day 3-7 January (Monday through Friday): New Year's holidays 7 January (Friday): Russian Orthodox Christmas Day. We were fully satisfied with Transly Translation Agencys professional attitude, speed and the results they achieved. Russia 2022 List of Holidays in Russia in 2022 Notes If a annual public holiday falls on a Tuesday, the Monday will be declared a bridge holiday and a Saturday will be declared a working day as compensation. Many Russians pay tribute to womens role in Russian society by celebrating International Womens Day on March 8. Russia holidays in 2022. Its celebrated similarly to Victory Day, with fireworks set off at 10 p.m. For more on the history of this day, click here. Exile and the Pangs of Grief. Great Lent. U.S. & Russian Holidays in 2022 & 2023. [s radestvom] Merry Christmas! Like going to church, fortune-telling on Christmas Eve is again becoming popular in Russia. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin plan to visit Kyiv on Sunday,in the highest-ranking visit to Ukraine by a U.S. delegation since Russia began its invasion. Many people celebrate Christmas Day with a festive meal (example of festive meal only). Time and Date AS 19952023. February: Valentine's Day . Whether youre living in Russia or just visiting, its important to note the dates of Russias holidays. The Sunday before Easter commemorates Christs triumphal entry into Jerusalem. Unlike Catholics, Orthodox Christians celebrate the holiday on January 7. Ramadan is a period of prayer, reflection and fasting for many Muslims worldwide. Russians love Easter because of many other reasons than just Jesus Christ - also, the end of the hard and long Lent and the beginning of real spring (which are usually the first warm days of the year), to name a few. all 412 days ago. ! Read more about Christmas celebrations in modern Russia and in tsarist times, when it had much more meaning for people. The holiday marks the finding of the True Cross. Friday. In one of historys quirkier notes, the Soviets changed the Russian calendar four times. Many Orthodox Christians go to the church to attend a Christmas liturgy that evening. Orthodox Christians in Europe, Africa and the Middle East celebrate Easter on the later date, determined bythe older Julian calendar. Russian holidays also include non-days off that span the religious and pagan as well as the patriotic and more. This is because on some of these dates, businesses and public institutions will close or have reduced hours.
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